2. Scientific space projects of the Federal Space Programme of Russia
2.1. “CORONAS-F” Project
2.2. The BURST Project (Konus-Wind and Konus-A Experiments)
2.3. The MSP-2001 Project (HEND Experiment)
2.4. Project “RIM-PAMELA” (Russian-Italian Mission)
2.5. “CORONAS-PHOTON” Project
2.6. “SPECTR-R” Project (Mission “RADIOASTRON”)
2.7. “PHOBOS-SOIL” Mission
2.8. The SPECTRUM-UV Project (the World Space Observatory)
2.9. “SPECTRUM-X-GAMMA” Project
2.10. “RESONANCE” Project
2.11. “BIOCOSMOS-1” Project
2.12. The “NUCLON” Project
2.13. The “GAMMA-400” Project
2.14. “MILLIMETRON” Project
2.15. “ASTROMETER” Project (space astrometrical arc-measuring-interferometer)
3. Scientific results on the basic directions of fundamental space research
3.1. Space Biology and Physiology
3.1.1. Space Biology and Physiology
3.1.1.1. Role of support afferentation in control of tonic muscle activity
3.1.1.2. Biochemical Markers of Bone Tissue Metabolism in Cosmonauts after a Prolonged Spacefligh
3.1.1.3. Results of Microbiological Studies of the Environment of the International Space Station
3.1.1.4.Spaceflight effects on consecutive generations of peas grown onboard the Russian segment of the International Space Station
3.1.1.5. Effects of space station conditions (ISS) on resting egg and life cycle in D. magna and S. torvicornis
3.1.2. Geliobiology
3.1.2.1. Rhythms of helio-geomagnetic activity as an external synchronizers
3.1.2.2. New scenario for the prebiologic stage of evolution and the universal mechanism of its realization
3.2. Materials Processing in Space
3.2.1. Effects of variable microaccelerations in distribution of impurity inhomogeneities in the InSb:Te single crystals grown by crucibleless floating zone melting on the “Foton” satellite
3.2.2. Developing of new method of crystal growth in microgravity
3.2.3. Effects of Melt Structural Self-organization within the Transient Layer during Crystal Growth in Microgravity
3.3. Earth Observation
3.3.1. Information system of operational data in NTs OMZ (TERRA-MODIS data processing)
3.3.2. Investigation of the solar wind using radio sounding method
3.3.3. Development of radio occultation technique for global monitoring of the Earth atmosphere and ionosphere by use of satellite-to-satellite links
3.4. Physics of Space Plasma and Solar-Terrestrial Interactions
3.4.1. The CORONAS space mission
3.4.2. Earth and Solar Physics
3.4.2.1. Multispacecraft exploration of the ion acceleration in magnetosphere. Multiplet structure of the acceleration processes
3.4.2.2. Theoretical modeling of self-consistent thin current sheets in the Earth’s magnetosphere
3.4.2.3. Oscillatory magnetic flux tube slippage in the plasma sheet
3.4.2.4. The properties of the solar wind discontinuities from simultaneous observations by five spacecraft (INTERBALL, WIND, ACE, GEOTAIL, IMP8)
3.4.2.5. The extensive experimental material concerning extremely active phenomena in October–November, 2003 and in November, 2004 is collected and analysed
3.4.2.6. Dependence of O+ ionospheric ions outflow in the polar cap on polar rain intensity
3.4.2.7. Solar energetic particle in the polar heliospheric regions
3.4.2.8. Electron observations in the Low latitude boundary layer (LLBL) by Interball Tail satellite
3.4.2.9. Solar Wind Exploration
3.5. Studies of Planets and Small Bodies of the Solar System
3.5.1. Planets Exploration
3.5.1.1. Discovery of an aurora on Mars. SPICAM Mars Express
3.5.1.2. The observation of nightglow in the upper atmosphere of Mars: the NO bands in UV and implications for atmospheric transport. SPICAM Mars Express
3.5.1.3. Gravity waves and the CO2 clouds in the polar region at late winter. OMEGA and PFS Mars Express
3.5.1.4. Ozone vertical profiles from OMEGA limb measurements
3.5.1.5. Seasonal variation of the thermal structure of the Martian atmosphere
3.5.1.6. Dust and water ice clouds. PFS Mars Express
3.5.1.7. Research of the current Martian climate with Mars general circulation model
3.5.1.8. The model of charging and coagulation processes in Titan tholin haze
3.5.1.9. Russian experiment HEND onboard NASA Mars Odyssey
3.6. Extra Atmospheric Astronomy
3.6.1. The GAMMA-400 PROJECT. Direct measurements of the primary gamma-radiation in the energy range 30 GeV – 1 TeV
3.6.1.1. Telescope GAMMA-400 has basically ordinary structure. It consists of following systems
3.6.1.2. GAMMA-400 telescope possesses some specific features
3.6.1.3. Present status of the GAMMA-400 project
3.6.2. Astrophysics
3.6.2.1. Several important astrophysical studies were made by Russian astrophysicist during two years of observations of INTEGRAL — joint ESA, Russia and NASA gamma-ray observatory
3.6.2.2. Theoretical and experimental researches at high energy astrophysics
3.6.3. Studies of Cosmic Gamma-Ray Bursts and Transient Sources in the Konus and Helicon Experiments
3.6.3.1. Experimental procedure
3.6.3.2. Studies of temporal profiles, energy spectra, and spectral variability of cosmic gamma-ray bursts
3.6.3.3. The role of the Konus-Wind experiment in multi-wavelength studies of cosmic gamma-ray bursts
3.6.3.4. Studies of soft gamma repeaters. giant burst from SGR1806-20 repeater and its compton backscattering from the Moon
3.6.3.5. A new kind of activity of the Cygnus X-1 source
3.6.3.6. Conclusion
3.7. Space Ray Physics
3.7.1. The results of experimental investigations of Space processes
3.7.2. Results of theoretical investigations and modeling of processes on the Sun, in interplanetary medium and the magnetospheres of the Earth and planets of solar system
3.7.3. Results of the analysis of satellite data